Footnotes

Footnotes

 (1)

This document was produced using Otfried Cheong's HyperLatex package, available from http://www.cs.uu.nl/ otfried/Hyperlatex/. Updated July 31, 2005

 (2)

Mrs. Blaine was the wife of politician, presidential candidate, and Secretary of State James G. Blaine. Here published letters [1] provide a description of Washington political life during the Gilded Age and mention many participants, including Max Heard.

 (3)

Horace Gray was half brother of Russell Gray, Amy Heard's husband. He was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court and former Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court. He was perhaps best known for his ruling granting citizenship to the children born in the U.S. to Chinese immigrants working on the railroads. He also participated in the rather sillier case of deciding whether a tomato was a vegitable or a fruit.

 (4)

Henry Cabot Lodge

 (5)

Blaine's son

 (6)

John Sherman, brother of General Sherman

 (7)

Probablie Adeline (Addie) Heard, wife of AH's brother John.)

 (8)

a hotel in New York City

 (9)

Chemulpo is modern day Inchon

 (10)

Hugh A. Dinsmore was U.S. minister resident and consul general in Seoul (1887-90)

 (11)

Dr. Horace N. Allen was an American missionary and diplomat in Korea, he was Chargé (1893-94) and Minister (1897-1901).

 (12)

Walter Caine Hillier was the Acting Consul General for England in Seoul 1889-1891 and Consul General from December 1891 to February 1894. Previously he had een the British Assistant Secretary in Peking in 1885.

 (13)

Victoria West and her sisters, especially Amalia. See Amy Heard: Letters from the Guilded Age. Victoria, later Lady Sackville, was the illigitimate daughter of Lionel Sacville West, Great Britain' Minister to the United States from 1881 through 1885. She served as his Washington DC diplomatic hostess, married her cousin who became the next Lord Sackville, and had one child, the writer Vita Sackville West.

 (14)

Brigadier General Charles William LeGendre was from 1890 till his death in Seoul in 1899 an advisor to the Korean Royal Household. His duties primarily involved treaty negotiation (with Japan) and facilitating communication between Kojong and the foreign diplomatic community, including men like Allen and Heard. He served as a military advisor to the Korean Foreign Office. He negotiated the Korean-Japanese Convention and was an American Civil War hero. He had a reputation for being anti-Japanese and for this reason was dismissed as tutor for the King's son.

 (15)

Amy's second son was Augustine Heard Gray (1888-1985).

 (16)

A port West of Seoul and close to China, also called Inchon.

 (17)

Addie (Adeline) Heard, wife of AH's brother John

 (18)

Augustine Heard Gray and Horace Gray, sons of Russell Gray and Amy Heard Gray

 (19)

Sir Robert Hart was the Customs chief of China. As such he played a key role in the story of the Empress Tzu Hsi, the last empress of China, the subject of the Dragon Lady, by Sterling Seagrave. [9]

 (20)

Victoria

 (21)

Mrs Horace Gray was the former Sarah Russell Gardner and the mother of Russell Gray. Horace Gray (1800-1873) was a merchant who gained fame as a founder of the Boston Public Garden, for which he purchased $1,500 worth of tulips. Legend has it that he went bankrupt in the Boston waterworks scandal. His children with Sarah included Russell Gray and John Chipman Gray, the lawyer and Harvard professor and cofounder of Ropes and Gray, a still thriving law firm. His children by his first wife, Harriet Upham (1801-1834) included Justice Horace Gray, Elizabeth Chipman Gray (born in Florence Italy in 1830), and Harriet (born in Rome, Italy, in 1832).

 (22)

Possibly related to Frederick K. Low, who was the U.S. Minister to Peking (1869-74)

 (23)

As discussed below, the USS Alliance was provided for the tour

 (24)

Wonsan, also known as Gensan by the Japanese and Yuensan by the Chinese, was one of the three major ports of Korea.

 (25)

Pusan was one of Korea's three primary ports, but it was in the hands of the Japanese. During the invasions of 1592 and 1593 by Hideyoshi, Pusan had been taken from the Koreans and occupied by the Japanese. Even when the Japanese subsequently evacuated, a sufficient military force was left to keep Pusan as Japan's only foreign colony, a status which it retained until 1876 when it was opened as a treaty port with the Japanese retaining a dominant role.

 (26)

J.H. Hunt was the commissioner of customs at Pusan

 (27)

Mr. and Mrs. Johnston were in Korea for at least ten years and he worked for the Korean Maritime Customs Office and was apparently Chief Commissioner of Customs in 1893 [6].

 (28)

Madame Outrey was the wife of the French minister to Washington in 1882

 (29)

"Tante Mary," Mme Henri L'Homme, a childhood friend of Amy's. Daughter of Philippe Parrot, a neurologist in Paris. Amy and her sons visited her at her summer home, Chateau de Mercey, Cote d'Or, in 1901.

 (30)

V. Collin de Plancy had been the French Consul in Seoul (1887-1890) and was currently French Chargé d'Affairs in Japan. He would later return to Seoul as both Chargé and Consul General from 1895-1900.

 (31)

Kirby, Beard, & Co. was a specialty shop at 5 rue Auber in Paris, presumably with a branch in Boston.

 (32)

gossip, scuttlebut

 (33)

Either Elizabeth Chipman (Bessie) Gray or Harriet Gray  

 (34)

rough lace

 (35)

The dictionary defines an amah as an East Indian nurse or female servant, but in Max's letters it seems to mean simply a female servant. A friend who grew up in Pakiston says the term can also mean a nanny.

 (36)

Baron Speck von Sternburg was the Secretary to the German Legation in Peking. He interested himself in studying Chinese military resources and many of his observations were reported in G.N. Curzon's Problems of the Far East, Constable and Co., London, 1896, a study of China, Korea, and Japan from an extremely biased English point of view.

 (37)

Col. Charles Denby was the U.S. Minister to China (1885-1898).

 (38)

Baron Rüdiger von Biegeleben, Austrian-Hungarian diplomat and statesman, resident minister in Japan, signed the treaty with Korea on 23 June 1892.

 (39)

Kyongbok Palace, now a museum

 (40)

Mrs. Elizabeth Greathouse was the mother of Clarence Ridgeby Greathouse [c. 1845-1899], an American advisor to King Kojong. Clarence Greathouse was general manager of the San Francisco Examiner when in 1886 he was appointed consul-general to Japan at Yokahama, a post at which he served for four years. In 1890 he was engaged to serve as a legal advisor for King Kojong and in January 1891 he was appointed vice-president of the home office, which put him in charge of legal affairs. His best known case was the trial of the Japanese and Korean conspirators accused of the murder of the Queen in 1895. He died while serving as an advisor to the King. His mother lived with him until his death. Mrs Greathouse had been a friend of the Queen, and thought her a "gentle, pretty creature." After her son's death she returned to Versailles, Kentucky at the age of 81. [2][4][7] The biography in [4] was written by Harold Joyce Nobel, who wrote of the foreign community in korea in his paper [3] and his 1931 PhD thesis [8] (information provided by John Shufelt).

 (41)

Min Myongsong, the controversial and powerful wife of King Kojong. She would be murdered by Japanese soldiers in the palace in 1894.

 (42)

During a visit to Seoul Korea in 1984 I toured the castle and its grounds and found the bronze sundial admired by my great aunt Max almost a hundred years earlier.

 (43)

This seems to be a form of silver headdress in a form resembling the tuft of an egret.

 (44)

1839-1894, lawyer, Republican Congressman from New Jersey 1973-75, 1883-89, U.S. Minister to Austria-Hungary, 1881; to Germany, 1889-93.

 (45)

Sir Robert Hart was the British inspector general of Chinese Maritime Customs Service

 (46)

Dr. Julius Wiles had been British Deputy Surgeon General in the British Army. He retired and then joined the English Mission (religious) in Chemulpo under Bishop Corfe. With his own money he built the English Mission in Seoul. Later Bishop Trollope described him as a "splendid old specimen of the army doctor."[6]

 (47)

Sir Nicholas-Roderick O'Conor, British legation secretary In Peking (1885-86), minister plenipotentiary to China and Korea (1892-95).

 (48)

This is probably the mother of Dr. W.B. Scranton -- Mary F. Scranton. She came to Korea in June 1885 at the age of 52 and later founded Ewha University. She died in Korea in 1909. [6]

 (49)

Possibly wife of Pavel Andreevich Dmitrevsky, Russian Consul in Hankow (1883-92) and Tientsin (1893-96), acting chargé in Korea (1891,93)

 (50)

Col. F.J.H. Nienstead, American military instructor in Korea

 (51)

Li Hung Chang (1823-1901) was the Viceroy of China. He was the richest and most powerful political boss in the Chinese empire, a physically imposing man of over six feet four with a thick moustache and black almond eyes.[9] He was a primary player in much of nineteenth century China, playing an active role in both Taiping and Boxer rebellions.

 (52)

Ker was the British Consular Assistant and in the spring of 1892 he was the acting Vice-Consul in Seoul.[6]

 (53)

Corfe was a former navy chaplain and was head of the Korean mission from about 1889 through the 1890s. He had the reputation of being an outspoken man who was not afraid to speak his mind which often caused the British representative in Seoul some embarrassment and irritation. [6]

 (54)

Herman Budler was the former German vice Consul to Seoul (1884-1886). He had the reputation for not being very fond of Christians. He died in November 1983.[6]

Footnotes